2008年11月22日 星期六

The 的用法

這是一個最難答的問題。作為一位業餘英語學習愛好者,面對這問題,竟然要拿起很多Grammar書來幫助。

要知道一個簡單 the 的用法,最好從最淺學起:

The word "the"is used when it refers to a particular or definite thing.
"The" is used :-

1. Before nouns in a particular sense
2. Before words standing for a whole class.
3. Before an adjective when the noun is understood.
4. Before the names of rivers, canals, seas, oceans, groups of islands and chains of mountains.
5. Before common nouns that are the only ones.
6. Before superlatives
7. Before the names of buildings and books

好像很多點,但是細心留意, 1,4,5,7 說的是同一樣東西 -- proper nouns, 例子:

  • the boys
  • the lion
  • the Red Sea
  • the Alps
  • the Indian Ocean
  • the City Hall
  • the sun
  • the left
  • the right
  • the earth
  • the Bible

6 是特別用法,基本上沒有難度,例子:
  • the most beautiful
  • the tallest boy

所以,餘下的是3,即第一次在句中出現時,用 a ,但當要再一次用,又想指明就是第一次那個,便用the 了。

2呢? 十分搞笑,2是錯的!!!!

Essence of English for Upper Class 精編英文科複習指導 (約20年前版)

誰說Grammar 書越小學越好?被公認為中高階的Practical English Grammar (by Michael Swan)解得比小學用的還好! 試綜合之:

1. The = 'you know which one(s)
一句通了, 還有兩句, i) we mention them before; ii) we say which one we mean, e.g.

  • She's got two children: a boy and a girl. The boy's fourteen and the girl's eight.
  • Tell Pat about the story about John and Susie.
2. The = 'the only one around'
解釋也不錯的: The listener may know which one we mean because there is no choice!

  • the moon
  • the Japanese
  • the Thirty Years' War
3. physical environment -- the world around us and climate

  • the mountains
  • the fog
  • the night
  • the rain
4. superlatives -- 同上

5. 'the' = 'the well known' -- proper noun

6. things in general , no 'the'
看到我們小學的Grammar 書有多不濟吧! The whole class 是不用'the' 的!

其實,只有多看英語的語料,就會懂得用 'the'。

2008年10月30日 星期四

Vocabulary -- Restaurant

Meat :

beef
mutton
pork
steak
spare ribs (排骨)
bacon
sausage
veal (小牛肉)
ham
lamb


Poultry: (家禽)

chicken
duck
quail (鵪鶉)
goose (鵝)
turkey (火雞)

Fish/seafood:

salmon (三文魚)
shrimp (蝦)
lobster (龍蝦)
herring (青魚 /鯡魚)
mackerel (鯖魚)
trout (鮭魚)
sole (比目魚)
sardines (沙甸魚)
tuna (吞拿魚)
eel (鰻魚)
crab
cod (鱈魚)
Fruit:

apple
orange
grape
melon
pineapple
figs (無花果)
plum (李)
strawberry
kiwi
peach
lychee
apricot (杏)
banana
olive (橄欖)
cherry
pear

Vegetables
tomato
broccoli (西蘭花)
cauliflower (椰菜花)
lettuce (生菜)
pepper
peas
potato
parsnip ( 歐洲防風草 )
cucumber (黃瓜)
cabbage (黃牙白)
mushroom
asparagus (筍)
leek (蔥)
onion
pumpkin
beans


IELP Pre-S6 Unit 3 p.8

2008年10月27日 星期一

The more... the more ...

英語句式中有一種 the more... the more (越....越...) 的格式。

嚴格來說,這是 the [adj] (comparative) ..... the [adj] (comparative),這是一種較為經典的句式, 在不少高考英語語法中也有考核, 香港方面,1987的會考和2004的會考也有考核,事隔十多年,
這種平衡句式,歷久不衰。

  1. The more a man knows, the more he discovers his ignorance (人越知道得多,越發現他的無知)
  2. The harder you work, the greater progress you will make. (你越努力做,你越有進步)

試分析上述句子結構:

1. The more + (S) (V), the more + (S) (V) (O)
2. The harder + (S) (V), the greater+ (O) (S) (V)

第2句是因為 greater 的原因,因為原句可理解 "you will make a greater progress"

現以87年會考為例:

70. The harder she practises, the more .......... she sings.
A. well
B. better
C. nearly
D. beautifully

由於前後兩句的句式一樣,The harder + (S) (V), the more (###) (S) (V). 能加入一字但不改文法及意思的,只有副詞,答案可以是A, C, D.

然而,C 的答案意思不對,只有well 及 beautifully, well 不會用 more 修飾,正確答案為D

2008年9月6日 星期六

公司執笠了!

執笠的英文如何說?

執笠,是廣州話,就是拿起草帽的意思,雖然不明白拿起草帽為什麼等於公司倒閉,總之,「執笠」這個詞已經不是俗語,不是口語,已經可以入文了。

英文的「執笠」是 close down

  • Many businesses have closed down because of the recession.

然而,當查 close down 的時候,則發現 close down 並不是完全等同「執笠」,還有:

  • 指無綫電台或電視台停止廣播
e.g. It is midnight and we are now closing down.
  • 停止運作

如果想強調是公司「執笠」,有什麼方法?

可以用 go bankrupt,而 bankruptcy 還有「破產」的意思

所以,閱讀時需要顧及上文下理,否則便有誤會了!


資料來源

牛津高階英漢雙解詞典

2008年8月22日 星期五

Email 格式及用語

撰寫Email已經逐步取代了傳統的書信(letter)和便箋(memo),當然,考試也隨著社會變遷,寫Email變成了另外一種寫作的文體。

Email雖然是Mail,但是格式跟傳統的公文書信也有一段的距離,簡言之:
  1. Address. 書信右上角是 sender address,左上角是 receiver address,但Email 只有sender和 receiver 的 email address
  2. Subject. 書信的信開頭要有一句 Re:XXXXX Email 則只要加上相應簡單的 subject,例:Re: Purchasing Order of Goods
  3. Greetings. Email的上款跟書信一樣,也是Dear Ms. XXX,但是很少使用Yours Faithfully ,多使用Best wishes, Regards, Best Regards, 甚至不太正統的 Thanks
較 Formal Email 的「公式」,就是:

Greetings
如果不太熟,第一次通訊的會是:
  • Greetings! I am Peter of XXX company .....
  • Greetings from Hong Kong! I am Nancy.....
如果是熟人,或者往來書信無限次,則可略過,直至跳入下一步:

Purpose
Email 是一種十分方便的文體,甚至多言,多是單刀直入:
  • I am writing to
  • Referring to your email dated XXXX, I am writing to .....
  • Referring to our telephone, I am writing to confirm.....
  • As you mentioned in the email below, <-- 留意,多數回覆的Email History 會附在下面
Action
Email 多是要求對方有所動作,但亦要注意禮貌:
  • I should be grateful if you could ......
  • Could you let me have .......
如想加一個限期前覆,可以這樣:
  • .... on or before 22.8
  • .... by today (22/8)
也有可能無聊想人知道,不需要收件者有 action 的
  • .... for your information only
  • .... for your reference
有時你給收件者,不用教其他人做什麼,只希望他處理,那麼:
  • ..... for your necessary action
Attachments
就是請收件者留意附件:
  • Attached please find the document
  • Enclose please find the pdf files
Endings
Email 少有祝褔人的,ending 的句子多是「如有任何問題,可找我」,或者是「等待你的回覆」之類:
  • If you have further enquires, please feel free to contact me on XXX-XXX
  • I am looking forward to your reply
簽名前,應該用:
  • Best
  • Best Regards
  • Regards
  • Wishes
  • Thanks
  • Thank you
Example:

Subject: Invitation to School Open Day

Dear Ms. WONG,

Greetings! I am Fish from Kowloon College. As you know by previous emails, our school open day will be on 22.8.2008, I am writing to invite you to be our honourable guest.

Attached please find the draft rundown of the open day ceremony for your information please. It will be our pleasure if you could come and become our honourable guest.

I should be grateful if you could let me have your reply on or before 25.8.2008 so that I could arrange seat for you. Thank you.

Should you have any further enquires, please feel free to contact me on XXX-XXX. Looking for your reply.

Best Regards,
Fish
Head Prefect, Kowloon College


2008年7月6日 星期日

If-conditional 四式

If-conditional 是英語其中一種獨特文法,法語及拉丁語也有 if-conditional,唯獨中文,因為沒有Tense的關係,是沒有 if-conditional 的。

If-conditional 主要分為 2 種:真(0式, 1式) 和假(2式, 3式),因為每一種也有2式,合共4式 if-conditional:



0式 -- 一定是對的 : if pres, pres

  • If he heats the water to 100 degree Celsius, it boils.

1式 -- 可能是對的:if pres, will + infinitive
  • If it rains this afternoon, everybody will stay home.
這是最基本的式,最常用的。


2式 -- 沒有可能發生的,或者是錯的:if past, would + infinitive
  • If I won the lottery, I would buy a car.

這一句暗示我根本沒有中獎,所以「我買車」,並不是事實。

3式 -- 過去了,也沒有發生的事:if past perfect, would have + past perfect
  • If you had called me, I would have come.
這一式較為復雜,因為這是過去沒有發生的事,也暗示了就算現在做,也沒有用的意思,如例句就是「你根本沒有通知我,所以我沒有來」也暗示了,就算你現在通知我,也沒有用。

2008年6月19日 星期四

little / few; a little / a few

little 和 few 同樣是解作「有些」,然而用法卻有分別;然而,當它們加上'a'的時候,情況又變得不一樣,從來不用復雜地學

Countable : few, a few
Uncountable: little, a little

Nearly none, unexpected: few, little
some: a few, a little

簡單! 比較一下兩句:
  • I have got a little money. (我有少少錢)
  • I have little money. (我無錢)
再來:
  • His ideas are difficult, and few people understand them .
  • His ideas are difficult, but a few people understand them.
也要留意一下兩句中 and 和 but 的用法